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Sources
Each threat cites one primary source, shown in short form on its card. The full references are listed here.
- Behavioural Insights Team (2023)
- Behavioural Insights Team. Review of Online Choice and Vulnerability. Citizens Advice.
- Brignull (2026)
- Full reference to be added.
- Bösch et al. (2016)
- Bösch et al. (2016). Tales from the Dark Side: Privacy Dark Strategies.
- CMA (2022)
- UK Competition and Markets Authority reports on online choice architecture.
- EDPB (2022)
- European Data Protection Board guidelines on dark patterns.
- FBI (2026)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internet Crime Complaint Center (2026). 2025 Internet Crime Report. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- Fitton & Read (2019)
- Fitton & Read (2019). Creating a Framework to Support the Critical Consideration of Dark Design Aspects in Free-to-Play Apps. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '19), 407–418.
- FTC (2022)
- Federal Trade Commission (2022). $245 Million FTC Settlement Alleges Fortnite Owner Epic Games Used Digital Dark Patterns. December 2022.
- Gray et al. (2024)
- Gray, Santos, Bielova & Mildner (2024). An Ontology of Dark Patterns Knowledge. CHI '24.
- ICO (2020)
- Information Commissioner's Office. Age-Appropriate Design Code (Children's Code).
- Jensen & Kristiansen (2026)
- Jensen & Kristiansen (2026). Victimization in online gaming-related trade scams: A study among young Danes.
- Kaspersky (2024)
- Kaspersky (2024). 30 percent more young gamers targeted by cybercriminals in H1 2024 vs. H2 2023. Kaspersky press release, 5 September 2024.
- Krauss et al. (2024)
- Full reference to be added.
- Lacey and Caudwell (2019)
- Full reference to be added.
- Mathur et al. (2019)
- Mathur et al. (2019). Dark Patterns at Scale. CSCW '19.
- OECD (2021)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021). Children in the digital environment. OECD Publishing, Paris.
- Ofcom (2025b)
- Ofcom (2025). Persuasive design features and potential child financial harms: Qualitative research. Office of Communications, London, June 2025.
- Ofcom (2025c)
- Ofcom (2025). Children's online spending and potential financial harm: Quantitative research. Office of Communications, London, June 2025.
- Parentzone (2023)
- Parent Zone (2023). A problem hiding in plain sight? Children spending, making and losing money online.
- Zendle et al. (2019)
- Zendle et al. (2019). Adolescents and loot boxes: Links with problem gambling and motivations for purchase. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6), 190049.
Threats citing “Focus Group Data” were drawn from this study's own focus groups rather than from an external source.